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Science

Biology

Cells, genetics, evolution and ecosystems: how living things work and change.

  • 11 chapters
  • 52 lessons
  • 52 visual guides
  • All free
Start hereCharacteristics of LifeHow Biology Works · What living systems share—and why no single everyday sign is enough.Start lesson

Chapters

1

How Biology Works

Characteristics of life, scientific investigations, evidence, models, and biological scale.

4 lessons

Flashcards Practice test
  1. 1.1Characteristics of LifeWhat living systems share—and why no single everyday sign is enough.Visual guide
  2. 1.2Scientific Questions and InvestigationsDesign fair comparisons and distinguish observations from explanations.Visual guide
  3. 1.3Evidence, Data, and ModelsRead data and use models without treating them as perfect copies.Visual guide
  4. 1.4Scale and Levels of OrganizationConnect molecules, cells, organisms, and ecosystems.Visual guide
2

Chemistry of Life

Atoms and bonding, water, biomolecules, enzymes, and nucleic acids.

5 lessons

Flashcards Practice test
  1. 2.1Atoms and Bonds in Living SystemsUnderstand elements, bonding, and chemical reactions in cells.Visual guide
  2. 2.2Water and Its PropertiesConnect water structure to biological behavior.Visual guide
  3. 2.3Carbohydrates and LipidsCompare structures and functions of two major biomolecule groups.Visual guide
  4. 2.4Proteins and EnzymesExplain how amino acid sequence and conditions affect function.Visual guide
  5. 2.5Nucleic AcidsLink nucleotide structure to information and cell energy transfer.Visual guide
3

Cell Structure and Function

Cell theory, microscopy, cell types, organelles, specialization, and structure-function reasoning.

5 lessons

Flashcards Practice test
  1. 3.1Cell Theory and MicroscopyHow evidence and imaging support the study of cells.Visual guide
  2. 3.2Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsCompare shared cell features and major organizational differences.Visual guide
  3. 3.3Organelles and Their RolesTrace information, manufacturing, packaging, and energy flow inside cells.Visual guide
  4. 3.4Cell SpecializationExplain how cells with related genomes can take different roles.Visual guide
  5. 3.5Structure and Function in CellsUse cell shape, membranes, and internal support to explain function.Visual guide
4

Membranes and Homeostasis

Membrane structure, passive and active transport, osmosis, and feedback regulation.

4 lessons

Flashcards Practice test
  1. 4.1Membrane StructureHow the plasma membrane forms a flexible, selective boundary.Visual guide
  2. 4.2Diffusion and OsmosisPredict passive movement from gradients and membrane properties.Visual guide
  3. 4.3Active TransportExplain energy-coupled movement and bulk transport.Visual guide
  4. 4.4Feedback and HomeostasisConnect sensors, responses, and workable internal ranges.Visual guide
5

Energy in Living Systems

ATP, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation, and energy and matter models.

5 lessons

Flashcards Practice test
  1. 5.1Energy and ATPTrace energy through cellular work and ATP cycling.Visual guide
  2. 5.2Photosynthesis: Inputs and OutputsExplain photosynthesis as conversion of light energy into chemical energy.Visual guide
  3. 5.3Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon FixationConnect light reactions and carbon fixation without conflating their roles.Visual guide
  4. 5.4Cellular RespirationTrace energy and matter from fuel through ATP production.Visual guide
  5. 5.5Fermentation and Energy ComparisonsCompare pathways and interpret energy-flow models.Visual guide
6

Growth and Cell Division

Cell-cycle regulation, mitosis, meiosis, and sources of chromosome variation.

4 lessons

Flashcards Practice test
  1. 6.1Cell Cycle and RegulationExplain the stages and regulation of cellular growth and division.Visual guide
  2. 6.2MitosisExplain nuclear division, chromosome movement, and cytokinesis.Visual guide
  3. 6.3MeiosisExplain reduction division and formation of varied haploid cells.Visual guide
  4. 6.4Comparing Cell Division and VariationCompare mitosis and meiosis, errors, and evidence.Visual guide
7

Molecular Genetics

DNA replication, genes and chromosomes, transcription, translation, mutation, and regulation.

5 lessons

Flashcards Practice test
  1. 7.1DNA Structure and ReplicationRelate DNA structure to information storage and accurate copying.Visual guide
  2. 7.2Genes and ChromosomesConnect genes, regulatory DNA, chromosome packaging, and traits.Visual guide
  3. 7.3TranscriptionTrace production and processing of RNA from a DNA template.Visual guide
  4. 7.4Translation and Protein FunctionConnect codons, ribosomes, and protein structure to biological function.Visual guide
  5. 7.5Mutation and Gene RegulationEvaluate DNA changes and control of gene expression.Visual guide
8

Inheritance and Variation

Mendelian and complex inheritance, probability, pedigrees, and genetic variation.

5 lessons

Flashcards Practice test
  1. 8.1Mendelian PatternsExplain alleles, segregation, and independent assortment with stated assumptions.Visual guide
  2. 8.2Probability and Punnett ModelsCalculate and interpret inheritance probabilities.Visual guide
  3. 8.3Beyond Simple DominanceApply models of codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and complex traits.Visual guide
  4. 8.4Pedigrees and EvidenceInfer plausible inheritance models from family data without overclaiming.Visual guide
  5. 8.5Sources of Genetic VariationConnect meiosis, mutation, and population processes to variation.Visual guide
9

Evolution and Biodiversity

Evidence for ancestry, natural selection, population change, speciation, phylogeny, and diversity.

5 lessons

Flashcards Practice test
  1. 9.1Evidence for Common AncestryUse several independent lines of evidence to evaluate evolutionary relationships.Visual guide
  2. 9.2Natural SelectionExplain heritable variation, differential reproduction, and adaptation.Visual guide
  3. 9.3Population ChangeCompare selection, drift, gene flow, and mutation.Visual guide
  4. 9.4Speciation and PhylogenyExplain lineage splitting and read branching histories.Visual guide
  5. 9.5Classifying BiodiversityUse taxonomy and domains while recognizing ecological and phylogenetic diversity.Visual guide
10

Ecology and Ecosystems

Population dynamics, interactions, food webs, matter cycling, and ecosystem change.

5 lessons

Flashcards Practice test
  1. 10.1Populations and Carrying CapacityModel population size, distribution, and limiting factors.Visual guide
  2. 10.2Species InteractionsCompare competition, predation, mutualism, and context-dependent outcomes.Visual guide
  3. 10.3Food Webs and Energy FlowTrace feeding relations, productivity, and energy transfers.Visual guide
  4. 10.4Matter CyclesTrace water, carbon, and nitrogen through living and nonliving pools.Visual guide
  5. 10.5Ecosystem Change and BiodiversityInterpret succession, disturbance, and conservation evidence.Visual guide
11

Organisms as Systems

Tissue organization, exchange, regulation, plant transport, and integrated homeostasis.

5 lessons

Flashcards Practice test
  1. 11.1Tissues and Organ SystemsRelate cell specialization to tissue and organ function.Visual guide
  2. 11.2Exchange and TransportExplain gradients, surface area, and bulk transport across scales.Visual guide
  3. 11.3Response and RegulationCompare signaling and feedback across cells and organ systems.Visual guide
  4. 11.4Plant Structure and TransportExplain roots, leaves, xylem, phloem, and stomata.Visual guide
  5. 11.5Integrating Systems and HomeostasisBuild evidence-based models linking organisms and environments.Visual guide