Biology
Growth and Cell Division flashcards
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- What is interphase?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- G1, S, and G2, when a cell grows, copies DNA, and prepares for division.
- What is S phase?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- The part of the cycle when DNA is replicated.
- What is M phase?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- The period including nuclear division and usually cytokinesis.
- What is G0?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- A nondividing state outside the active cell cycle.
- What are sister chromatids?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- Joined copies of a chromosome formed by DNA replication.
- What are homologous chromosomes?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- Chromosomes with corresponding gene loci in a diploid pair.
- What does diploid mean?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- Having two chromosome sets.
- What does haploid mean?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- Having one chromosome set.
- What is a checkpoint?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- A control point that can delay cycle progression when conditions are unsuitable.
- What are cyclins?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- Regulatory proteins that help control cell-cycle kinase activity.
- What is the spindle assembly checkpoint?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- A control delaying separation until chromosomes attach properly.
- What is cell-cycle dysregulation?Cell Cycle and Regulation
- Failure of normal controls over progression and proliferation.
- What is mitosis?Mitosis
- Division of a eukaryotic nucleus into two nuclei.
- What happens at metaphase?Mitosis
- Replicated chromosomes align for separation.
- What happens at anaphase?Mitosis
- Sister chromatids separate toward opposite poles.
- What happens at telophase?Mitosis
- Nuclei reform around separated chromosome sets.
- What is a mitotic spindle?Mitosis
- A microtubule system organizing chromosome movement.
- What is a kinetochore?Mitosis
- A chromosome-associated structure where spindle microtubules attach.
- What is segregation?Mitosis
- Distribution of chromosomes or chromatids into daughter nuclei.
- What is aneuploidy?Mitosis
- An abnormal number of individual chromosomes relative to the expected set.
- What is cytokinesis?Mitosis
- Physical division of cytoplasm into daughter cells.
- What is a cleavage furrow?Mitosis
- A membrane indentation involved in cytokinesis in many animal cells.
- What is a cell plate?Mitosis
- A developing partition formed during many plant cell divisions.
- Are mitotic daughter cells always genetically identical?Mitosis
- No; errors and mutations can occur despite normally similar chromosome sets.
- What is meiosis?Meiosis
- A division program that usually reduces chromosome sets and separates chromatids.
- What happens in meiosis I?Meiosis
- Homologous chromosomes separate.
- What happens in meiosis II?Meiosis
- Sister chromatids separate.
- How many DNA replication rounds precede typical meiosis?Meiosis
- One.
- What is synapsis?Meiosis
- Close pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
- What is crossing over?Meiosis
- Exchange of corresponding segments between nonsister chromatids of homologs.
- What is a chiasma?Meiosis
- A visible site associated with crossover between homologs.
- What is a recombinant chromatid?Meiosis
- A chromatid carrying a new combination of linked alleles after exchange.
- What is independent assortment?Meiosis
- Independent orientation and segregation of different homologous pairs.
- What aligns at metaphase I?Meiosis
- Paired homologous chromosomes.
- What separates at anaphase I?Meiosis
- Homologous chromosomes.
- What does 2^n represent in a simple assortment model?Meiosis
- Possible whole-chromosome combinations for n independently assorting pairs.
- How many divisions are in typical mitosis?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- One nuclear division.
- How many divisions are in typical meiosis?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- Two nuclear divisions following one replication.
- Which process ordinarily maintains ploidy?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- Mitosis.
- Which process commonly reduces ploidy?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- Meiosis I in a diploid starting-cell model.
- What is nondisjunction?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- Failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate normally.
- What is aneuploidy?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- An abnormal number of individual chromosomes.
- What is polyploidy?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- Having additional whole chromosome sets.
- What is mosaicism?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- Presence of cell lineages with different genetic makeup within one organism.
- What is independent assortment evidence?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- Observed or inferred different homolog combinations among products.
- What is recombination evidence?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- Markers showing new linked-allele combinations after exchange.
- What is a mutation?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- A change in DNA sequence.
- What can chromosome counts reveal?Comparing Cell Division and Variation
- Set number or some segregation errors, but not full DNA sequence.