Energy in Living Systems flashcards

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What is cellular work?Energy and ATP: Energy-requiring processes such as building molecules, transport, and movement.
What is energy transformation?Energy and ATP: Conversion of energy from one form to another.
What is metabolic coupling?Energy and ATP: Using one reaction to help drive another through a shared mechanism.
Why do cells need an ongoing energy supply?Energy and ATP: Transfers disperse usable energy, often as heat.
What is ATP?Energy and ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, a short-term cellular energy carrier.
What is ADP?Energy and ATP: Adenosine diphosphate, a product of ATP hydrolysis.
What is ATP hydrolysis?Energy and ATP: Reaction of ATP with water to form ADP and phosphate.
What is ATP regeneration?Energy and ATP: Formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate using another energy source.
What is a metabolic pathway?Energy and ATP: A linked sequence of cellular chemical reactions.
What is activation energy?Energy and ATP: An energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to proceed.
What is feedback inhibition?Energy and ATP: A product reducing activity of an earlier pathway step.
What is pathway flux?Energy and ATP: The rate at which material passes through a pathway.
What is oxygenic photosynthesis?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: Light-driven carbon fixation that releases oxygen from water.
Where does the carbon in photosynthetic sugar come from?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: Carbon dioxide.
Where does released oxygen gas come from?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: Water.
What does the net photosynthesis equation represent?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: An overall matter and energy summary of many reactions.
What is a chloroplast?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: A photosynthetic organelle in plants and many algae.
What is a thylakoid?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: An internal membrane system holding photosystems and light-reaction machinery.
What is the stroma?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: Fluid inside a chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids.
What is chlorophyll?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: A pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
What is a limiting factor?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: A condition currently restricting the rate of a process.
What is saturation in a rate graph?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: A leveling of response when another constraint dominates.
What are stomata?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: Leaf openings that affect gas exchange and water loss in many plants.
What is net photosynthesis?Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs: Photosynthetic gain after accounting for concurrent respiration in a stated measurement.
What is a photosystem?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: A light-absorbing pigment and protein complex in a photosynthetic membrane.
Why is water split?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: To supply replacement electrons during oxygenic light reactions.
What is NADPH?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: An electron carrier supplying reducing power to carbon fixation.
What is the source of photosynthetic O₂?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: Oxidation of water in the light reactions.
What is chemiosmosis?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: ATP formation coupled to proton movement down a membrane gradient.
What is the thylakoid lumen?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: Space inside thylakoid membranes where protons accumulate.
What is ATP synthase?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: A protein complex that uses a proton gradient to help form ATP.
What is a proton gradient?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: A difference in proton electrochemical potential across a membrane.
What is carbon fixation?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: Incorporating inorganic CO₂ into an organic molecule.
What is rubisco?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: An enzyme that attaches CO₂ to RuBP in the Calvin cycle.
What is G3P?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: A three-carbon sugar phosphate that can leave the Calvin cycle.
What is RuBP regeneration?Photosynthesis: Light and Carbon Fixation: Rebuilding the CO₂ acceptor so the cycle can continue.
What is cellular respiration?Cellular Respiration: Pathways transferring energy from fuel into ATP.
What is glycolysis?Cellular Respiration: A cytosolic pathway that splits glucose into two pyruvate.
What is pyruvate?Cellular Respiration: A three-carbon product of glycolysis.
What is NADH?Cellular Respiration: A reduced electron carrier produced by fuel breakdown.
What is acetyl-CoA?Cellular Respiration: A two-carbon acetyl group linked to a carrier, entering the citric acid cycle.
What is the citric acid cycle?Cellular Respiration: A pathway that oxidizes acetyl groups and loads electron carriers.
What is FADH₂?Cellular Respiration: A reduced electron carrier produced during fuel oxidation.
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?Cellular Respiration: Direct transfer of a phosphate group to make ATP or an equivalent.
What is the electron transport chain?Cellular Respiration: Membrane proteins that pass electrons and help build a proton gradient.
What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?Cellular Respiration: Oxygen.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?Cellular Respiration: ATP formation coupled to an electron-transport-driven proton gradient.
What is mitochondrial ATP synthase?Cellular Respiration: A protein complex that uses proton flow to help make ATP.
What is fermentation?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: A pathway that regenerates NAD⁺ by transferring electrons to organic acceptors.
Why is NAD⁺ regenerated?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: Glycolysis needs it to accept electrons.
What is lactate fermentation?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: Reduction of pyruvate to lactate while NADH is oxidized.
What is alcoholic fermentation?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: A pathway forming ethanol and CO₂ while regenerating NAD⁺.
What is the energy source for oxygenic photosynthesis?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: Captured light.
What is fuel oxidation in respiration?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: Transfer of electrons from organic fuel through metabolic reactions.
What is an organic electron acceptor in fermentation?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: A carbon-containing molecule receiving electrons from NADH.
Are photosynthesis and respiration exact reverse pathways?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: No; their detailed steps and coupling mechanisms differ.
What is an isotope tracer?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: An atom label used to follow matter through reactions.
What does a balanced equation establish?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: Conservation of atoms in the stated overall reaction.
Why use a control in a gas-exchange study?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: To help separate the process of interest from other contributions.
How do matter and energy differ in ecosystems?Fermentation and Energy Comparisons: Matter can cycle; energy flows in and is dispersed.