Biology
Organisms as Systems flashcards
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- What is a tissue?Tissues and Organ Systems
- A group of cells and associated materials with a related function.
- What is an organ?Tissues and Organ Systems
- A functional structure made from multiple tissues.
- What is an organ system?Tissues and Organ Systems
- Organs cooperating in a broader function.
- What is an emergent property?Tissues and Organ Systems
- A system behavior arising from interactions among parts.
- What is cell differentiation?Tissues and Organ Systems
- Development of specialized cell features and functions.
- What is gene regulation?Tissues and Organ Systems
- Control over when and how much a gene product is made.
- What is extracellular matrix?Tissues and Organ Systems
- Material outside cells that can support and signal within tissues.
- Why can cells with similar DNA differ?Tissues and Organ Systems
- They can express different genes and receive different signals.
- What is bulk transport?Tissues and Organ Systems
- Movement of material over distance by a flowing medium.
- What is exchange at a surface?Tissues and Organ Systems
- Movement of substances across a boundary between compartments.
- What is metabolism?Tissues and Organ Systems
- The network of chemical reactions in cells.
- Why coordinate systems?Tissues and Organ Systems
- Cells depend on linked supply, transport, use, and waste removal.
- What is an exchange surface?Exchange and Transport
- A boundary across which materials move between compartments.
- Why is high surface area useful?Exchange and Transport
- It provides more interface for exchange.
- Why does thinness help diffusion?Exchange and Transport
- It shortens the path between compartments.
- Why maintain a gradient?Exchange and Transport
- A difference sustains net movement.
- What is circulation?Exchange and Transport
- Bulk movement of transport fluid through an organism.
- What is hemoglobin?Exchange and Transport
- An oxygen-binding protein in vertebrate red blood cells.
- How does oxygen enter tissues?Exchange and Transport
- It diffuses from transport fluid under a suitable gradient.
- Does circulation create oxygen?Exchange and Transport
- No; it distributes oxygen obtained from an exchange source.
- What is absorption?Exchange and Transport
- Movement of substances across an exchange surface into an organism.
- What is active uptake?Exchange and Transport
- Energy-coupled transport against a relevant gradient.
- What is excretion?Exchange and Transport
- Removal of metabolic byproducts while often regulating fluid composition.
- What is a transport route?Exchange and Transport
- A path moving material from uptake site to cells or output.
- What is a receptor?Response and Regulation
- A molecule that detects a signal and helps initiate a response.
- What is signal transduction?Response and Regulation
- Steps linking signal detection to a cellular response.
- What is a hormone?Response and Regulation
- A signaling molecule often transported to target cells.
- What is a target cell?Response and Regulation
- A cell equipped to respond to a particular signal.
- What is negative feedback?Response and Regulation
- A response that opposes the initial deviation.
- What is positive feedback?Response and Regulation
- A response that amplifies an initial change.
- What is a sensor?Response and Regulation
- A component that detects a variable or change.
- What is an effector?Response and Regulation
- A component carrying out a regulatory response.
- What is organismal homeostasis?Response and Regulation
- Dynamic regulation of internal conditions within workable ranges.
- What is a regulated variable?Response and Regulation
- A measured condition influenced by feedback.
- What is an effector pathway?Response and Regulation
- The linked steps producing a regulatory change.
- Why state measurement context?Response and Regulation
- Compartment, time, and conditions affect meaning.
- What is a root hair?Plant Structure and Transport
- A root cell extension that increases uptake surface area.
- What is a leaf?Plant Structure and Transport
- A plant organ often involved in light capture and gas exchange.
- What is a stem?Plant Structure and Transport
- A support and transport connection in many plants.
- Do all plants have identical organs?Plant Structure and Transport
- No; plant structures vary among lineages.
- What does xylem commonly carry?Plant Structure and Transport
- Water and dissolved mineral ions.
- What does phloem commonly carry?Plant Structure and Transport
- Sugars and other solutes between sources and sinks.
- What is a source in phloem transport?Plant Structure and Transport
- A region supplying transported solutes.
- What is a sink in phloem transport?Plant Structure and Transport
- A region using or storing transported solutes.
- What is a stoma?Plant Structure and Transport
- A regulated pore for gas and water-vapor exchange.
- What is a guard cell?Plant Structure and Transport
- A cell helping control stomatal pore size.
- What is transpiration?Plant Structure and Transport
- Water-vapor loss from plant surfaces.
- What is the stomatal tradeoff?Plant Structure and Transport
- CO₂ uptake and water conservation can conflict.
- What is a system boundary?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- A stated limit defining what is inside an analysis.
- What is a cross-scale explanation?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- A linked account across molecules, cells, organisms, and ecosystems.
- What happens to matter across processes?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- Atoms are rearranged and transferred, not created.
- What happens to usable energy?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- It is transferred and ultimately dispersed, requiring input.
- What is stomatal conductance?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- A measure of ease of gas movement through stomata.
- What is a conditional prediction?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- A predicted response given stated conditions and assumptions.
- What is a confounder?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- Another factor that could influence the measured relationship.
- Why compare several variables?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- To test proposed links in a multistep mechanism.
- What is a stock in a systems model?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- An amount of material held in a defined compartment at a time.
- What is a flow?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- A transfer per unit time between compartments.
- What is model validation?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- Comparing a model’s predictions with observations.
- Why report uncertainty?Integrating Systems and Homeostasis
- Measurements and assumptions limit conclusions.