Revolutions and Industrialization flashcards

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What is meant by “Reason” in this lesson?Enlightenment ideas: Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reasoned inquiry while differing in their conclusions.
What is meant by “Natural rights” in this lesson?Enlightenment ideas: Rights arguments treated certain claims as preceding government.
What is meant by “Social contract” in this lesson?Enlightenment ideas: Social-contract theories explained authority through an agreement model.
What is meant by “Separation of powers” in this lesson?Enlightenment ideas: Dividing government functions was proposed as a safeguard against concentrated authority.
What is meant by “Religious toleration” in this lesson?Enlightenment ideas: Toleration arguments challenged some forms of religious coercion.
What is meant by “Enlightenment contradictions” in this lesson?Enlightenment ideas: Claims of universal reason and rights coexisted with slavery, empire, and exclusions.
What is meant by “American Revolution” in this lesson?Political revolutions: The American Revolution challenged British rule while preserving many internal inequalities.
What is meant by “French Revolution” in this lesson?Political revolutions: The French Revolution transformed political authority through changing and contested stages.
What is meant by “Haitian Revolution” in this lesson?Political revolutions: The Haitian Revolution defeated slavery and colonial rule through a struggle led by enslaved and formerly enslaved people.
What is meant by “Latin American independence” in this lesson?Political revolutions: Independence movements created new states while leaving many social hierarchies contested.
What is meant by “Popular participation” in this lesson?Political revolutions: People outside elite leadership shaped revolutionary demands and outcomes.
What is meant by “Revolutionary limits” in this lesson?Political revolutions: New institutions could preserve exclusions despite emancipatory claims.
What is meant by “Mechanization” in this lesson?Industrial change and labor: Machines changed how goods were produced and how tasks were organized.
What is meant by “Fossil energy” in this lesson?Industrial change and labor: Coal and other fossil fuels supplied energy for industrial growth.
What is meant by “Factory labor” in this lesson?Industrial change and labor: Factories concentrated wage labor under new schedules and supervision.
What is meant by “Urban growth” in this lesson?Industrial change and labor: Industrial employment helped draw populations toward cities.
What is meant by “Labor organizing” in this lesson?Industrial change and labor: Workers organized to challenge pay, hours, and conditions.
What is meant by “Uneven industrialization” in this lesson?Industrial change and labor: Industrial change occurred at different times and with unequal consequences across regions.