Industry, Society, and Nations flashcards

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What is meant by “Industrialization” in this lesson?Industrial transformation: Industrialization expanded mechanized production and reorganized economic activity.
What is meant by “Factory system” in this lesson?Industrial transformation: The factory system concentrates workers and production processes in organized workplaces.
What is meant by “Steam power” in this lesson?Industrial transformation: Steam power converts heat into mechanical work and expanded industrial and transport possibilities.
What is meant by “Capital investment” in this lesson?Industrial transformation: Investment commits resources to productive facilities, tools, and organization.
What is meant by “Transport network” in this lesson?Industrial transformation: Transport networks connect production and markets while altering costs and access.
What is meant by “Uneven industrial change” in this lesson?Industrial transformation: Industrial changes differed across regions, sectors, and social groups.
What is meant by “Urbanization” in this lesson?Labor and social reform: Urbanization increased the share of people living in towns and cities.
What is meant by “Working conditions” in this lesson?Labor and social reform: Conditions include hours, safety, wages, and workplace control.
What is meant by “Labor union” in this lesson?Labor and social reform: A union organizes workers for collective representation and action.
What is meant by “Socialism” in this lesson?Labor and social reform: Socialist traditions proposed diverse forms of social or collective control and economic equality.
What is meant by “Liberal reform” in this lesson?Labor and social reform: Liberal reform traditions emphasized rights and representation with varying positions on economic intervention.
What is meant by “Public-health reform” in this lesson?Labor and social reform: Reforms addressed sanitation, disease, and urban living conditions.
What is meant by “Nationalism” in this lesson?Nationalism and unification: Nationalism links a claimed national community with political identity or sovereignty.
What is meant by “Revolutions of 1848” in this lesson?Nationalism and unification: The 1848 upheavals combined varied demands for political, social, and national change.
What is meant by “Italian unification” in this lesson?Nationalism and unification: Italian unification assembled a new state through diplomacy, warfare, and political movements in the nineteenth century.
What is meant by “German unification” in this lesson?Nationalism and unification: German unification in 1871 followed conflict and state-building led by Prussia.
What is meant by “Nation-state tension” in this lesson?Nationalism and unification: State borders and national identities did not always coincide.
What is meant by “Imperial nationalism” in this lesson?Nationalism and unification: National claims could justify expansion and domination as well as liberation.