Growth and Cell Division flashcards

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What is interphase?Cell Cycle and Regulation: G1, S, and G2, when a cell grows, copies DNA, and prepares for division.
What is S phase?Cell Cycle and Regulation: The part of the cycle when DNA is replicated.
What is M phase?Cell Cycle and Regulation: The period including nuclear division and usually cytokinesis.
What is G0?Cell Cycle and Regulation: A nondividing state outside the active cell cycle.
What are sister chromatids?Cell Cycle and Regulation: Joined copies of a chromosome formed by DNA replication.
What are homologous chromosomes?Cell Cycle and Regulation: Chromosomes with corresponding gene loci in a diploid pair.
What does diploid mean?Cell Cycle and Regulation: Having two chromosome sets.
What does haploid mean?Cell Cycle and Regulation: Having one chromosome set.
What is a checkpoint?Cell Cycle and Regulation: A control point that can delay cycle progression when conditions are unsuitable.
What are cyclins?Cell Cycle and Regulation: Regulatory proteins that help control cell-cycle kinase activity.
What is the spindle assembly checkpoint?Cell Cycle and Regulation: A control delaying separation until chromosomes attach properly.
What is cell-cycle dysregulation?Cell Cycle and Regulation: Failure of normal controls over progression and proliferation.
What is mitosis?Mitosis: Division of a eukaryotic nucleus into two nuclei.
What happens at metaphase?Mitosis: Replicated chromosomes align for separation.
What happens at anaphase?Mitosis: Sister chromatids separate toward opposite poles.
What happens at telophase?Mitosis: Nuclei reform around separated chromosome sets.
What is a mitotic spindle?Mitosis: A microtubule system organizing chromosome movement.
What is a kinetochore?Mitosis: A chromosome-associated structure where spindle microtubules attach.
What is segregation?Mitosis: Distribution of chromosomes or chromatids into daughter nuclei.
What is aneuploidy?Mitosis: An abnormal number of individual chromosomes relative to the expected set.
What is cytokinesis?Mitosis: Physical division of cytoplasm into daughter cells.
What is a cleavage furrow?Mitosis: A membrane indentation involved in cytokinesis in many animal cells.
What is a cell plate?Mitosis: A developing partition formed during many plant cell divisions.
Are mitotic daughter cells always genetically identical?Mitosis: No; errors and mutations can occur despite normally similar chromosome sets.
What is meiosis?Meiosis: A division program that usually reduces chromosome sets and separates chromatids.
What happens in meiosis I?Meiosis: Homologous chromosomes separate.
What happens in meiosis II?Meiosis: Sister chromatids separate.
How many DNA replication rounds precede typical meiosis?Meiosis: One.
What is synapsis?Meiosis: Close pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
What is crossing over?Meiosis: Exchange of corresponding segments between nonsister chromatids of homologs.
What is a chiasma?Meiosis: A visible site associated with crossover between homologs.
What is a recombinant chromatid?Meiosis: A chromatid carrying a new combination of linked alleles after exchange.
What is independent assortment?Meiosis: Independent orientation and segregation of different homologous pairs.
What aligns at metaphase I?Meiosis: Paired homologous chromosomes.
What separates at anaphase I?Meiosis: Homologous chromosomes.
What does 2^n represent in a simple assortment model?Meiosis: Possible whole-chromosome combinations for n independently assorting pairs.
How many divisions are in typical mitosis?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: One nuclear division.
How many divisions are in typical meiosis?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: Two nuclear divisions following one replication.
Which process ordinarily maintains ploidy?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: Mitosis.
Which process commonly reduces ploidy?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: Meiosis I in a diploid starting-cell model.
What is nondisjunction?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: Failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate normally.
What is aneuploidy?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: An abnormal number of individual chromosomes.
What is polyploidy?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: Having additional whole chromosome sets.
What is mosaicism?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: Presence of cell lineages with different genetic makeup within one organism.
What is independent assortment evidence?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: Observed or inferred different homolog combinations among products.
What is recombination evidence?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: Markers showing new linked-allele combinations after exchange.
What is a mutation?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: A change in DNA sequence.
What can chromosome counts reveal?Comparing Cell Division and Variation: Set number or some segregation errors, but not full DNA sequence.