Probability, Statistics, and Modeling flashcards

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In Counting Principles and Combinations, what does multiplication principle mean?Counting Principles and Combinations: Counting outcomes by multiplying stage counts.
When can you not multiply unchanged stage sizes?Counting Principles and Combinations: When an earlier selection changes later options.
In Counting Principles and Combinations, what does permutation count mean?Counting Principles and Combinations: An ordered selection from distinct items.
Why are two swapped names different?Counting Principles and Combinations: They assign people to different roles or positions.
In Counting Principles and Combinations, what does combination count mean?Counting Principles and Combinations: An unordered selection count.
When should combinations be used?Counting Principles and Combinations: When only membership matters, not order.
In Conditional Probability and Independence, what does sample space mean?Conditional Probability and Independence: The set of outcomes and its probability model.
Why state equally likely assumptions?Conditional Probability and Independence: Simple favorable-over-total counts require them.
In Conditional Probability and Independence, what does conditional probability mean?Conditional Probability and Independence: A probability within a specified subgroup.
Why divide by P(B)?Conditional Probability and Independence: The condition B defines the new reference space.
In Conditional Probability and Independence, what does independence mean?Conditional Probability and Independence: A lack of probability change under conditioning.
Can mutually exclusive positive-probability events be independent?Conditional Probability and Independence: No, one happening rules out the other.
In Random Variables and Expected Value, what does discrete distribution mean?Random Variables and Expected Value: A numerical outcome with associated probabilities.
What if listed probabilities sum to 1.2?Random Variables and Expected Value: The distribution is invalid as stated.
In Random Variables and Expected Value, what does expected value mean?Random Variables and Expected Value: A long-run probability-weighted average.
Does expected payout guarantee that one play pays that amount?Random Variables and Expected Value: No, one trial may have a different outcome.
In Random Variables and Expected Value, what does net gain mean?Random Variables and Expected Value: An expectation accounting for both returns and costs.
Why include entry cost?Random Variables and Expected Value: Gross payout is not the same as net gain.
In Data Distributions and Regression, what does center and spread mean?Data Distributions and Regression: Summary measures describing a distribution.
Does equal mean imply equal variability?Data Distributions and Regression: No, groups may have very different spreads.
In Data Distributions and Regression, what does regression and residual mean?Data Distributions and Regression: A signed error used to inspect model fit.
What does positive residual mean?Data Distributions and Regression: The observed output is above the prediction.
In Data Distributions and Regression, what does outliers and association mean?Data Distributions and Regression: Evaluating unusual data and causal claims.
Should every outlier be removed?Data Distributions and Regression: No, verify measurement and context before any exclusion.
In Course Synthesis Project, what does model choice mean?Course Synthesis Project: Selecting a defensible mathematical representation.
For Course Synthesis Project, why compare residuals?Course Synthesis Project: They reveal systematic errors a graph may hide.
In Course Synthesis Project, what does independent calculation steps mean?Course Synthesis Project: A transparent worked solution from setup through verification.
What makes a result reproducible?Course Synthesis Project: Clearly stated inputs, operations, and assumptions.
In Course Synthesis Project, what does limits and communication mean?Course Synthesis Project: A conclusion paired with evidence and limitations.
Can a model guarantee future outcomes?Course Synthesis Project: No, predictions depend on assumptions and changing conditions.