Data, Statistics, and Course Synthesis flashcards

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What does direction and form mean?Scatterplots and Association: A visual pattern between two measured variables.
Does association by itself prove causation?Scatterplots and Association: No, other explanations may exist.
How would you define outliers and clusters?Scatterplots and Association: An unusual observation relative to a pattern.
Should every outlier be deleted?Scatterplots and Association: No, it may be real and informative.
What is meant by correlation versus causation?Scatterplots and Association: The distinction between co-movement and a causal effect.
What could a third variable do?Scatterplots and Association: Influence both observed variables.
What does best-fit line mean?Linear Regression and Residuals: A fitted linear summary of paired data.
Does regression alone establish cause?Linear Regression and Residuals: No, it describes association.
How would you define residual calculation?Linear Regression and Residuals: A signed prediction error for one observation.
What does a negative residual mean?Linear Regression and Residuals: The observation falls below the prediction.
What is meant by interpreting slope?Linear Regression and Residuals: A modeled rate of association.
Why avoid far extrapolation?Linear Regression and Residuals: The association can change outside observed inputs.
What does joint counts mean?Two-Way Tables: A count at the intersection of two categories.
Do cell counts refer to one category only?Two-Way Tables: No, they satisfy both labels.
How would you define marginal totals?Two-Way Tables: One-variable summaries drawn from a two-way table.
Why should row totals sum to the grand total?Two-Way Tables: Each observation belongs to one row category in the table.
What is meant by conditional relative frequency?Two-Way Tables: A proportion within a specified subgroup.
Why state the denominator?Two-Way Tables: It defines which group the percentage describes.
What does assumptions mean?Interpreting Models and Limits: The conditions under which a model is intended to work.
Why list assumptions?Interpreting Models and Limits: Readers can judge when predictions are credible.
How would you define prediction uncertainty?Interpreting Models and Limits: Variation around a model predicted output.
How can residuals help?Interpreting Models and Limits: They show how far observed outcomes differ from predictions.
What is meant by communicating a claim?Interpreting Models and Limits: Evidence-based reporting of a model conclusion.
What is missing from a number without units?Interpreting Models and Limits: The meaning of the quantity.
What does choosing a representation mean?Algebra 1 Capstone: A purposeful choice among mathematical displays.
Why verify between views?Algebra 1 Capstone: The same relation should give consistent pairs.
How would you define comparing candidate models?Algebra 1 Capstone: Evidence-based selection among simple function families.
Can a few matching points establish future behavior?Algebra 1 Capstone: No, test assumptions and limits.
What is meant by explaining and revising?Algebra 1 Capstone: Mathematical reasoning with verification and reflection.
Why revisit a model after new data?Algebra 1 Capstone: New evidence may reveal a poor fit or changed conditions.